Replacing a $3000/mo Heroku bill with a $55/mo server

Looking at the htop screenshot, I notice the lack of swap. You may want to enable earlyoom, so your whole server doesn't go down when a service goes bananas. The Linux Kernel OOM killer is often a bit too late to trigger.

You can also enable zram to compress ram, so you can over-provision like the pros'. A lot of long-running software leaks memory that compresses pretty well.

Here is how I do it on my Hetzner bare-metal servers using Ansible: https://gist.github.com/fungiboletus/794a265cc186e79cd5eb2fe... It also works on VMs.

Yeah, no way. As soon as you hit swap, _most_ apps are going to have a bad, bad time. This is well known, so much so that all EC2 instances in AWS disable it by default. Sure, they want to sell you more RAM, but it's also just true that swap doesn't work for today's expectations.

Maybe back in the 90s, it was okay to wait 2-3 seconds for a button click, but today we just assume the thing is dead and reboot.

How programs use ram also changed from the 90s. Back then they were written targeting machines that they knew would have a hard time fitting all their data in memory, so hitting swap wouldn't hurt perceived performance too drastically since many operations were already optimized to balance data load between memory and disk.

Nowadays when a program hits swap it's not going to fallback to a different memory usage profile that prioritises disk access. It's going to use swap as if it were actual ram, so you get to see the program choking the entire system.

Exactly. Nowadays, most web services are run in a GC'ed runtime. That VM will walk pointers all over the place and reach into swap all the time.

Depends entirely on the runtime.

If your GC is a moving collector, then absolutely this is something to watch out for.

There are, however, a number of runtimes that will leave memory in place. They are effectively just calling `malloc` for the objects and `free` when the GC algorithm detects an object is dead.

Go, the CLR, Ruby, Python, Swift, and I think node(?) all fit in this category. The JVM has a moving collector.

Every garbage collector has to constantly sift through the entire reference graph of the running program to figure out what objects have become garbage. Generational GC's can trace through the oldest generations less often, but that's about it.

Tracing garbage collectors solve a single problem really really well - managing a complex, possibly cyclical reference graph, which is in fact inherent to some problems where GC is thus irreplaceable - and are just about terrible wrt. any other system-level or performance-related factor of evaluation.

Modern garbage collectors have come a long way.

Even not so modern ones: have you heard of generational garbage collection?

But even in eg Python they introduced 'immortal objects' which the GC knows not to bother with.

It doesn't matter. The GC does not know what heap allocations are in memory vs swap, and since you don't write applications thinking about that, running a VM with a moving GC on swap is a bad idea.