Replacing a $3000/mo Heroku bill with a $55/mo server

In the age of microservices and cattle servers, reboot/reinstall might be cheap, but in the long run it is not. A long running server, albeit being cattle, is always a better solution because esp. with some excess RAM, the server "warms up" with all hot data cached and will be a low latency unit in your fleet, given you pay the required attention to your software development and service configuration.

Secondly, Kernel swaps out unused pages to SWAP, relieving pressure from RAM. So, SWAP is often used even if you fill 1% of your RAM. This allows for more hot data to be cached, allowing better resource utilization and performance in the long run.

So, eff it, we ball is never a good system administration strategy. Even if everything is ephemeral and can be rebooted in three seconds.

Sure, some things like Kubernetes forces "no SWAP, period" policies because it kills pods when pressure exceeds some value, but for more traditional setups, it's still valuable.

It doesn't. SSDs came a long way but so did memory dies and buses, and with that the way programs work also changed as more and more they are able to fit their stacks and heaps on memory more often than not.

I have had a problem with shellcheck that for some reason eats up all my ram when I open I believe .zshrc and trust me, it's not invisible. The system crawls to a halt.

This is not about belief, but lived experience. Setting up swap to me is a choice between a unresponsive system (with swap) or a responsive system with a few oom kills or downed system.

If we're talking about SATA SSDs which top at 600MBps, then yes, an aggressive application can make itself known. However, if you have a modern NVMe, esp. a 4x4 one like Samsung 9x0 series or if you're using a Mac, I bet you'll notice the problem much later, if ever. Remember the SSD trashing problem on M1 Macs? People never noticed that system used SWAP that heavily and trashed the SSD on board.

Then, if you're using a server with a couple of SAS or NVMe SSDs, you'll not notice the problem again, esp. if these are backed by RAID (even md counts).

I mean, I manage some servers, and this is my experience.

> Setting up swap to me is a choice between a unresponsive system (with swap) or a responsive system with a few oom kills or downed system.

Sorry, but are you sure that you budgeted your system requirements correctly? A Linux system shall neither fill SWAP nor trigger OOM regularly.

If the slowest drive on the machine is the SSD, how does caching to swap help?

This cache is evictable, but it'll be there eventually.

Linux used to don't touch unused pages in the RAM in the older days if your RAM was not under pressure, but now it swaps out pages unused for a long time. This allows more cache space in RAM.

> how does caching to swap help?

I think I failed to convey what I tried to say. Let me retry:

Kernel doesn't cache to SSD. It swaps out unused (not accessed) but unevictable pages to SWAP, assuming that these pages will stay stale for a very long time, allowing more RAM to be used as cache.

When I look to my desktop system, in 12 days, Kernel moved 2592MB of my RAM to SWAP despite having ~20GB of free space. ~15GB of this free space is used as disk cache.

So, to have 2.5GB more disk cache, Kernel moved 2592 MB of non-accessed pages to SWAP.

I'm not an AWS guy. I can see and touch the servers I manage, and in my experience, SWAP works, and works well.

    wallstop@fridge:~$ free -m
                   total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:           15838        9627        3939          26        2637        6210
    Swap:           4095           0        4095


    wallstop@fridge:~$ uptime

    00:43:54 up 37 days, 23:24,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00

( ) a 1% chance the system would crawl to a halt but would work

( ) a 1% change the kernel would die and nothing would work

This is from another system I have close:

                   total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:           31881        1423        1042          10       29884       30457
    Swap:            976           2         974

I’m gonna guess you’re not old enough to remember computers with memory measured in MB and IDE hard disks? Swapping was absolutely brutal back then. I agree with the other poster, swap hitting an SSD is a barely noticeable in comparison.

I DON’T WANT THE KERNEL PRIORITIZING CACHE OVER NRU PAGES.

The easiest way to do this is to disable swap.

> Secondly, Kernel swaps out unused pages to SWAP, relieving pressure from RAM. So, SWAP is often used even if you fill 1% of your RAM. This allows for more hot data to be cached, allowing better resource utilization and performance in the long run.

Yes, and you can observe that even in your desktop at home (if you are running something like Linux).

> So, eff it, we ball is never a good system administration strategy. Even if everything is ephemeral and can be rebooted in three seconds.

I wouldn't be so quick. Google ran their servers without swap for ages. (I don't know if they still do it.) They decided that taking the slight inefficiency in memory usage, because they have to keep the 'leaked' pages around in actual RAM, is worth it to get predictability in performance.

For what it's worth, I add generous swap to all my personal machines, mostly so that the kernel can offload cold / leaked pages and keep more disk content cached in RAM. (As a secondary reason: I also like to have a generous amount of /tmp space that's backed by swap, if necessary.)

With swap files, instead of swap partitions, it's fairly easy to shrink and grow your swap space, depending on what your needs for free space on your disk are.

If your problem doesn't keep growing, and you just have more data that programs want to keep in memory than you have RAM, but the actual working set of what's accessed frequently still fits in RAM, then swap perfectly solves this.

Think lots of programs open in the background, or lots of open tabs in your browser, but you only ever rapidly switch between at most a handful at a time. Or you are starting a memory hungry game and you don't want to be bothered with closing all the existing memory hungry programs that idle in the background while you play.

When you call malloc(), it requests a big chunk of memory from the OS, in units of pages. It then uses an allocator to divide it up into smaller, variable length chunks to form each malloc() request.

You may have heard of “heap” memory vs “stack” memory. The stack of course is the execution/call stack, and heap is called that because the “heap allocator” is the algorithm originally used for keeping track of unused chunks of these pages.

(This is beginner CS stuff so sorry if it came off as patronizing—I assume you’re either not a coder or self-taught, which is fine.)

So no, my experience with swap isn't that it's invisible with SSD.

With a good amount of swap, you don't have to worry about closing programs. As long as your 'working set' stays smaller than your RAM, your computer stays fast and responsive, regardless of what's open and idling in the background.

> Doesn't swap just delay the fundamental issue?

The fundamental issue here is what the linux fanboys literally think what killing a working process and most of the time the process[0] is a good solution for not solving the fundamental problem of memory allocation in the Linux kernel.

Availability of swap allows you to avoid malloc failure in a rare case your processes request more memory than physically (or 'physically', heh) present in the system. But in the mind of so called linux administrators even if a one byte of the swap would be used then the system would immediately crawl to a stop and never would recover itself. Why it always should be the worst and the most idiotic scenario instead of a sane 'needed 100MB more, got it - while some shit in the memory which wasn't accessed since the boot was swapped out - did the things it needed to do and freed that 100MB' is never explained by them.

[0] imagine a dedicated machine for *SQL server - which process would have the most memory usage on that system?

Eg Google used to (and perhaps still does?) run their servers without swap, because they had built fault tolerance in their fleet anyway, so were happier to deal with the occasional crash than with the occasional slowdown.

For your desktop at home, you'd probably rather deal with a slowdown that gives you a chance to close a few programs, then just crashing your system. After all, if you are standing physically in front of your computer, you can always just manually hit the reset button, if the slowdown is too agonising.

Also: When those processes that haven't been active since boot (and which may never be active again) are swapped out, more system RAM can become available for disk caching to help performance of things that are actively being used.

And that's... that's actually putting RAM to good use, instead of letting it sit idle. That's good.

(As many are always quick to point out: Swap can't fix a perpetual memory leak. But I don't think I've ever seen anyone claim that it could.)

Without swap oom killer runs and things become responsive.

Adding a couple of gb of swap means the image resizing is _slow_, but completes without causing issues.

I've had good experience with linux's multi-generation LRU feature, specifically the /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/min_ttl_ms feature that triggers OOM-killer when the "working set of the last N ms doesn't fit in memory".

I still don’t use it though.

I once used an Intel Optane drive as swap for a job that needed hundreds of gigabytes of ram (in a computer that maxed out at 64 gigs). The latency was so low that even while the task was running the machine was almost perfectly usable; in fact I could almost watch videos without dropping frames at the same time.

On my 8gb M1 Mac, I can have a ton of tabs open and it'll swap with minimal slowdown. On the other hand, running a 4k external display and a small (4gb) llm is at best horrible and will sometimes require a hard reset.

I've seen similar with different combinations of software/hardware.

And maybe plan on getting more RAM.

(It's your system. You're allowed to tune it to fit your usage.)

The free memory won't go below a configurable percentage and the contiguous io algorithms of the swap code and i/o stack can still do their work.

The easiest way affecting everything running on the system might not be the best or even the correct way to do things.

There's always more than one way to solve a problem.

Reading the Full Manual (TM) is important.

Old habits die hard, but I'm not complaining about this one. :)

Then tell the Kernel about it. Don't remove a feature which might benefit other things running on your system.

ls -lrt, ls -lSh and ls -lShr are also very common in my daily use, depending on what I'm doing.

However, from my experience, normal (eviction based) usage of SWAP doesn't impact the life of an SSD in a measurable manner. My 256GB system SSD (of my desktop system) shows 78% life remaining after 4 years of power on hours, which also served as /home for at least half of its life.

Yup, that part of my comment was culmination of using Linux desktops for the last two decades. :)

> I wouldn't be so quick. Google ran their servers without swap for ages.

If you're designing this from get go and planning accordingly, it doesn't fit into my definition of eff it, we ball, but let's try this and see whether we can make it work.

> With swap files, instead of swap partitions,...

I'm a graybeard. I eyeball a swap partition size while installing the OS, and just let it be. Being mindful and having good amount of RAM means that SWAP acts as a eviction area for OS first, and as an escape ramp second, in very rare cases.

--

Sent from my desktop.

Detecting things are down is far easier than detecting things are slow.

I'd rather that oom started killing things though than a kernel panic or a slow system. Ideally the thing that is leaking, but if not the process using the most memory (and yes I know that "using" is tricky)

What if I've got 64G of ram and 64G of swap and need the same amount of memory?

               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:           31989       11350        4474        2459       16164       19708
    Swap:           6047          20        6027

    Mem:            1919         333          75           0        1511        1403
    Swap:           2047         803        1244

If I were to increase this to 8G of ram instead of 2G, but for arguments sake had to have no swap as the tradeoff, would that be better or worse. Swap fans say worse.

How about this server:

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
  Mem:          8106       7646        459          0        149       6815
  -/+ buffers/cache:        681       7424
  Swap:         6228         25       6202

How long does the server have to run to reach 100% of ram?

25MB swap use seems normal for a server which doesn't juggle much tasks, but works on one.

As I noted somewhere, my other system has 2,5GB of SWAP allocated over 13 days. That system is a desktop system and juggles tons of things everyday.

I have another server with tons of RAM, and the Kernel decided not to evict anything to SWAP (yet).

> If I were to increase this to 8G of ram instead of 2G, but for arguments sake had to have no swap as the tradeoff, would that be better or worse. Swap fans say worse.

I'm not a SWAP fan, but I support its use. On the other hand I won't say it'd be worse, but it'd be overkill for that server. Maybe I can try 4, but that doesn't seem to be necessary if these numbers are stable over time.

Here’s a screenshot from atop while the task was running: <https://db48x.net/temp/Screenshot%20from%202019-11-19%2023-4...>. Note the number of page faults, the swin and swout (swap in and swap out) numbers, and the disk activity on nvme0n1. Swap in is 150k, and the number of disk reads was 116k with an average size of 6KB. Swap out was 150k with 150k disk writes of 4KB. It’s also reading from sdh at a fair clip (though not as fast as I wanted!)

<https://db48x.net/temp/Screenshot%20from%202019-12-09%2011-4...> is interesting because it actually shows 24KB average write size. But notice that swout is 47k but there were actually 57k writes. That’s because the program I was testing had to write data out to disk to be useful, and I had it going to a different partition on the same nvme disk. Notice the high queue depth; this was a very large serial write. The swap activity was still all 4KB random IO.

    Enables Multi-Gen LRU (improved page reclaim and caching policy).
    Prevents thrashing, improves loading speeds under low ram conditions.
    Requires kernel 6.1+.
    Has dramatic effect especially on slower HDDs.
    For slower HDDs, consider 1000 instead of 300 for min_ttl_ms.

    sudo tee /etc/tmpfiles.d/mglru.conf <<EOF
    w-      /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled          -       -       -       -       y
    w-      /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/min_ttl_ms       -       -       -       -       300
    EOF

Dirty buffer should also be tuned (limited), absolutely. Default is 20% of RAM, (with 5 second writeback and 30 second expire intervals), which is COMPLETELY insane. I limit it to 64 MB max usually, with 1 second writeback and 3 second expire intervals.

So most of the time I'd prefer option 3: the OOM killer to reap a few offending programs and let me handle restarting them.

And no, if you need 100MB more then it's literally not important how much RAM do you have. You just needed 100MB more this time.

> Lock all pages which are currently mapped into the address space of the process.

> Lock all pages which will become mapped into the address space of the process in the future.

MGLRU is basically a smarter version of already existing eviction algorithm, with evicts (or keeps) both page cache and anon pages, and combined with min_ttl_ms it tries to keep current active page cache for a specified amount of time. It still takes into account swappiness and does not operate on a fixed amount of page cache, unlike le9.

Both are effective in trashing prevention, both are different. MGLRU, especially with higher min_ttl_ms, could cause OOM killer more frequently than you'd like it to be called. I find le9 more effective for desktop use on old low-end machines, but that's only because it just keeps the (large/er amounts of) page cache. It's not very preferable for embedded systems for example.

I rewrote a slice of the program in Rust with quite promising results, but by that time there wasn’t really any demand left. You see, one of the many uses of Reposurgeon <http://www.catb.org/esr/reposurgeon/> is to convert SVN repositories into Git repositories. These performance results were taken while reposurgeon was running on a dump of the GCC source code repository. At the time this was the single largest open source SVN repository left in the world with 287k commits. Now that it’s been converted to a Git repository it’s unlikely that future Reposurgeon users will have the same problem.

Also, someone pointed out that MG-LRU <https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.html> might help by increasing the block size of the reads and writes. It was introduced a year or more after I took these screenshots, so I can’t easily verify that.