From the study:
> This began with the same warm-up protocol, followed by increments of 50 W every minute until self-reported exhaustion
Am I wrong to think that this is simply "caffeine gives you energy to push yourself harder"? They controlled calorie intake, so simple CICO would suggest a longer exercise period needs to dig into fat reserves.
Based on my personal anecdote, drinking caffeine before athletic activities gives me the energy to more consistently work at the edge of my physical limits. When I'm sleepy, I just don't care to push myself as hard.
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