Project Euler

Ha! I did a lot of these around 2007-2008. I solved the first 100 or so ones. Solving these were more fun than any other programming problems site I've seen. I quit it when I realized I was spending 4+ hours per problem - I couldn't justify the time.

Beyond a certain point, most required some knowledge of elementary number theory.

I agree with you. About a decade ago, I got really tired of coding interview prep. I somehow ended up getting into Project Euler and worked through the first 100 problems. It was a great way to learn a bit of number theory and regain my interest in programming.

Same timeline for me! This was my great procrastination side quest during grad school. I learned haskell and a bit of ocaml working on these. Functional languages are extremely well suited to these kinds of problems.