Nobody would write the configuration parsing code by hand, and just use whatever TOML library available at hand for Go. No INI shenanigans, and people would just use any available stricter format (strings must be quoted in TOML).
So yeah, Rust and Go and Python and Java and Node and Ruby and whatnot would not have the bug just by virtue of having a package manager. The actual language is irrelevant.
However, whatever the language, the same hand implementation would have had the exact same bug.