I fairly strongly disagree with this. Database identifiers have to serve a lot of purposes, and natural key almost certainly isn’t ideal. Off the top my head, IDs can be used for:
- Joins, lookups, indexes. Here data type can matter regarding performance and resource use.
- Idempotency. Allowing a client to generate IDs can be a big help here (ie UUIDs)
- Sharing. You may want to share a URL to something that requires the key, but not expose domain data (a URL to a user’s profile image shouldn’t expose their national ID).
There is not one solution that handles all of these well. But using natural keys is one of the least good options.
Also, we all know that stakeholders will absolutely swear that there will never be two people with the same national ID. Oh, except unless someone died, then we may reuse their ID. Oh, and sometimes this remote territory has duplicate IDs with the mainland. Oh, and for people born during that revolution 50 years ago, we just kinda had to make stuff up for them.
So ideally I’d put a unique index on the national ID column. But realistically, it would be no unique constraint and instead form validation + a warning on anytime someone opened a screen for a user with a non-unique ID.
Then maybe a BIGINT for database ID, and a UUID4/7 for exposing to the world.
EDIT: Actually, the article is proposing a new principle. And so perhaps this could indeed be a viable one. And my comment above would describe situations where it is valid to break the principle. But I also suspect that this is so rarely a good idea that it shouldn’t be the default choice.