For stills photography, Adobe's '.dng' format does fairly well, from 8-bit to 16-bit. It copes with any of the 4 possible standard RGGB Bayer phases and and has some level of colour look-up table in the metadata. Sometime this is not enough for a camera's special features and The Verge's article covers those reasons quite well.
For video, things get much more complicated. You start to hit bandwidth limits of the storage media (SD cards at the low end). '.dng' files were not meant to be compressed but Blackmagic Design figured out how to do it (lightly) and still remain compatible with standard '.dng' decoding software. Other, better compressed formats were also needed to get around the limits of '.dng' compression.
Red cameras used a version of JPEG 2000 on each Bayer phase individually (4 of them), but they wrapped it in patents and litigated hard against anyone who dared to make a RAW format for any video recording over 4k. Beautifully torn apart in this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ_uo-x7Dc0
So, for quite a few years, video camera companies tip-toed around this aggressive patent with their own proprietary formats, and this is another reason why there's so many (not mentioned by The Verge).
There's also the headache of copying a folder of 1,000+ '.dng' stills that make up a movie clip; it takes forever, compared to a single concatenated file. So, there's another group of RAW video file formats that solve this by recording into a single file which is a huge improvement.