Go is much, much better on these terms, although not perfect.
I’d venture a guess that Perl 5 is outstanding here, although it’s been a few years since I tried to run an old Perl project. CPAN was dog slow, but other than that, everything worked first try.
I’d also bet Tcl is nearly perfect on the ‘try this 10 year old repo’ test
It also helps that if some library dependency generated Go code using a tool, the Go source code is checked in and you don’t have to run their tool.
It's just no guarantee that those old versions work on the new system, or with the outside world as it exists by time of installation - which can be as true for Go as any other language. If the XYZ service API client still gets you version 1.2.37, that's not actually any help if 1.2.37 calls endpoints that the XYZ service has removed. Or a cgo package that binds to a version of OpenSSL that is no longer installed on your system, etc.
On the other hand, the other extreme induces stuff like autoconf which is not that great either. Trying to have your code be compatible with absolutely everything is probably not good, although arguably platforms these days are generally much more stable and consistent than they were in the heydays of autoconf.