During an internship in 1986 I wrote C code for a machine with 10-bit bytes, the BBN C/70. It was a horrible experience, and the existence of the machine in the first place was due to a cosmic accident of the negative kind.
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I don't think there is a C++ compiler for the PDP-10. One of the C compiler does have a 36-bit char type.
As I read it, this link may be describing a hypothetical rather than real compiler. But I did not parse that on initial scan of the Google result.