1. bytes are 8 bits
2. shorts are 16 bits
3. ints are 32 bits
4. longs are 64 bits
5. arithmetic is 2's complement
6. IEEE floating point
and a big chunk of wasted time trying to abstract these away and getting it wrong anyway was saved. Millions of people cried out in relief!
Oh, and Unicode was the character set. Not EBCDIC, RADIX-50, etc.
byte = 8 bits
short = 16
int = 32
long = 64
float = 32 bit IEEE
double = 64 bit IEEE
On the C++ side, I sometimes use an alias that contains the word "short" for 32-bit integers. When I use them, I'm explicitly assuming that the numbers are small enough to fit in a smaller than usual integer type, and that it's critical enough to performance that the assumption is worth making.
It's unbelievably ugly. Every piece of code working with any kind of integer screams "I am hardware dependent in some way".
E.g. in a structure representing an automobile, the number of wheels has to be some i8 or i16, which looks ridiculous.
Why would you take a language in which you can write functional pipelines over collections of objects, and make it look like assembler.
If you do care, then isn't it better to specify it explicitly than trying to guess it and having different compilers disagreeing on the size?