Stripe banned us for payment disputes but we never had a single dispute

I have a hunch their main concern is this kind of marketing on your site:

"Access the American market Our credit card comes with a U.S. billing address, so you can unlock features restricted to the U.S or Western markets especially if you don't live there."

https://justuseapp.com/free-trial-card

The free trial cards were not offered with Stripe. They were offered with Flutterwave. It was launched in March. We started with Stripe in June.