What happened to Transmeta, the last big dotcom IPO

Transmeta made a technology bet that dynamic compilation could beat OOO super scalar CPUs in SPEC.

It was wrong, but it was controversial among experts at the time.

I’m glad that they tried it even though it turned out to be wrong. Many of the lessons learned are documented in systems conferences and incorporated into modern designs, ie GPUs.

To me transmeta is a great example of a venture investment. If it would have beaten Intel at SPEC by a margin, it would have dominated the market. Sometimes the only way to get to the bottom of a complex system is to build it.

The same could be said of scaling laws and LLMs. It was theory before Dario, Ilya, OpenAI, et al trained it.

Aren't modern CPUs, essetially, dynamic translators from x86_64 instruction set into internal RISC-like intsruction sets?

Not to the same level. Crusoe was, in many ways, more classic CISC than x86 - except it's microcode was actually doing dynamic translation to internal ISA instead of operating like interpreter in old CISCs.

x86 ISA had the funny advantage of being way closer to RISC than "beloved" CISC architectures of old like m68k or VAX. Many common instructions translate to single "RISCy" instruction for the internal microarchitecture (something AMD noted IIRC in the original K5 with its AMD29050-derived core as "most instructions translate to 1 internal microinstruction, some between 2 to 4"). X86 prefixes are also way simpler than the complicated logic of decoding m68k or VAX. An instruction with multiple prefixes will quite probably decode to single microinstruction.

That said, there's funny thing in that Transmeta tech survived quite a long way to the point that there were Android tablets, in fact flagship Google ones like Nexus 9, whose CPU was based on it - because nvidia "Denver" architecture used same technology (AFAIK licensed from Transmeta, but don't cite me on this)